This mini collection is compiled to help students, faculty and staff educate themselves on the ongoing crisis in Palestine. The collection include books, ebooks, scholarly journals, movies, NGOs reports and links to online resources that can help expand the scope of your research and understanding of the history, daily struggle and the politics of historical land Palestine and its people.
The United Nations timeline below highlights the events that led to the Palestine/Israel crisis that befallen the Middle East since the late 19th century.
*United Nations. “The Question of Palestine- Timeline of Events.” Question of Palestine, 24 Oct. 2023, www.un.org/unispal/timeline. Accessed 20 Nov. 2023. Click here for graphic timeline.
1885: The term “Zionism” first coined by the Viennese writer, Nathan Birnbaum.
1896: Theodor Herzl, founder of the Zionist movement, calls for “restoration of the Jewish State”.
1897: First Zionist congress takes place in Basel, Switzerland and the first Zionist organization is founded.
1907: Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann visits Palestine.
1908: First Palestinian anti-Zionist weekly newspaper is published by Arab Christian Najib Nassar.
1915: British cabinet member Herbert Samuel calls for the British annexation of Palestine in memorandum “The Future of Palestine”.
1916: European Powers conclude secret Sykes-Picot agreement dividing future spheres of influence in Ottoman Empire territories.
1917: The Balfour Declaration promises a “national home for the Jewish people in Palestine”.
1919: Emir Feisal presents a memorandum to the Paris Peace Conference, outlining the case for independence of Arab countries.
1922: The League of Nations grants mandate over former Ottoman territory Palestine to UK. Provisions include terms of the Balfour Declaration, including a “Jewish national home”.
1933: Palestinians riot amid sudden rise in Jewish immigration from Nazi persecution in Germany.
1936-1939: Palestinian rebellion against the British Mandate and Jewish immigration.
1937: UK Peel Commission Report publicly recognizes conflict’s irreconcilable terms and recommends partition of Palestine.
1939: UK issues White Paper limiting Jewish immigration.
1942: US Zionists meet in NY and adopt the “Biltmore Programme“, calling for establishment of Palestine as a Jewish Commonwealth and for unlimited immigration.
1947: In February, UK proposes to relinquish its mandatory role and places the question of Palestine before the UN.
In September, the UN Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) issues a report to the General Assembly with plans for partition or a federal state in Palestine.
In November, the UN General Assembly adopts resolution 181(II) which called to divide Palestine into an un-named “Jewish State” and an un-named “Arab State” with Jerusalem under UN trusteeship.
APRIL 1948: Deir Yassin massacre: Zionist paramilitary groups kill hundreds of Palestinian Arabs in Deir Yassin, a village near Jerusalem.
MAY 1948: Great Britain terminates the Mandate over Palestine and Israel declares independence on 15 May. Territorial expansion using force results in the first large-scale exodus of Palestinian refugees; 15 May becomes an official day to mark the Palestinian Nakba (“catastrophe”).
Count Folke Bernadotte appointed UN Mediator in Palestine by the UN General Assembly. He is assassinated four months later by a Zionist militant group.
Security Council establishes a group of military observers to supervise truce, which later became UNTSO.
NOVEMBER 1948: UN establishes UNRPR special fund to provide relief to over 500,000 Palestine refugees.
DECEMBER 1948: UN General Assembly passes resolution 194 calling for refugees to be allowed to return, Jerusalem to be under international regime, UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine (UNCCP) replaces UN mediator.
FEBRUARY-JULY 1949: Israel signs armistice agreements with Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
APRIL 1949: UN Conciliation Commission convenes Lausanne Conference to reconcile the parties.
MAY 1949: UNGA adopts Resolution 273 (III) admitting Israel as UN member.
DECEMBER 1949: UN establishes UNRWA to replace UNRPR (GA Resolution 302 (IV)).
1950: Israel moves its capital from Tel Aviv to the western part of Jerusalem, in defiance of UN resolutions, and the West Bank is brought formally under Jordanian control.
1964: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded in Cairo.
1967: Six-day war: Israel occupies West Bank, including East Jerusalem, Gaza, Golan Heights, and Sinai Peninsula.
In November, the UN Security Council unanimously adopts Resolution 242 (Land for peace).
1968: Establishment of UN Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories.
1973: Following the Middle East war of October, the UN Security Council passes resolution 338 calling for ceasefire, implementation of res. 242, negotiations between parties.
1974: The UN General Assembly and the Arab League recognize the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
General Assembly reaffirms inalienable rights of Palestinian people to self-determination, independence and sovereignty, and refugee return (resolution 3236).
1975: In 1975 the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People (CEIRPP) is founded by Resolution 3376 of the UNGA.
1976: The CEIRPP submits its programme to the Security Council and General Assembly to enable Palestinians to exercise their inalienable rights.
1977: Pursuant to UNGA Resolution 32/40 B, International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People is celebrated annually on 29 November.
1978: Following two weeks of secret negotiations at Camp David (USA), the Egyptian President and the Israeli Prime Minister agree on a Framework for Peace in the Middle East.
1979: The UNGA re-designates the Special Unit on Palestinian Rights as the Division for Palestinian Rights (Resolution 34/65 D).
1980: Israeli Knesset enacts the so-called ‘Basic Law’ on Jerusalem, proclaiming that “Jerusalem, whole and united” is the capital of Israel; the Security Council and GA resolution 35/169 E censure this law.
1981: UNESCO adds the Old City of Jerusalem to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list.
UN Security Council adopts resolution 497, calling on Israel to rescind action to annex the Golan Heights.
1982: Israel invades Lebanon with the intention of eliminating the PLO. After a ceasefire, PLO forces withdraw to neighboring countries. Despite guarantees of safety for Palestine refugees left behind, there are massacres at Sabra and Shatila camps.
1987: First “Intifada” begins in the Jabaliya Refugee Camp in the Gaza Strip.
1988: In July, Jordan renounces claims to the West Bank and recognizes PLO as “the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.”
In November, in Algiers, the Palestinian National Council adopts declaration of independence of the State of Palestine.
In December, PLO Chair Yasser Arafat addresses UN in Geneva; says Palestine National Council accepts UNSC Resolutions 242 and 338.
1991: Middle East peace conference in Madrid brings together all the parties to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
1993: Israel and the PLO sign the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, also known the Oslo accords. Several “permanent status” issues are deferred for future negotiations.
1994: The Office of the UN Special Coordinator in the Occupied Territories (UNSCO) is established, and Mr. Terje Roed-Larsen of Norway is appointed as the first UN Special Coordinator.
1995: Israel and the PLO sign the Palestinian-Israeli Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (“Oslo II)”.
1996: Palestinian general elections are held.
1997: Israel and the PLO sign the Hebron Protocol.
1998: Israel and the PLO sign the Wye River Memorandum, which consists of steps to facilitate implementation of previous agreements.
2000: In July, the US President Clinton convenes a Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David which concludes without agreement.
Ariel Sharon’s al-Haram al-Sharif visit in September 2000 triggers the Second Palestinian Intifada.
2001: Outgoing US President Clinton proposes the Clinton Parameters for a permanent status agreement to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Shortly afterwards, the Taba Summit is held between Israel and the Palestinian Authority but fails to resolve the “permanent status” issues.
2002: The UN Security Council passes resolution 1397 affirming vision of a two-State solution to the conflict. The Quartet, consisting of the UN, the EU, the US, and Russia is established with a mandate to help mediate Israeli-Palestinian conflict and support Palestinian economic development and institution-building.
During a summit in Beirut, the League of Arab States adopts the Arab Peace Initiative.
2003: Roadmap for Peace is published by the Quartet and is endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1515.
2004: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issues Advisory Opinion on the legality of construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
2006: In January, Hamas wins Palestinian Legislative Elections; forms Palestinian Authority government. The Quartet responds with Quartet Principles.
In July, Israel goes to war with Hezbollah in Lebanon.
2007: Israel imposes a blockade on the Gaza Strip after an armed takeover of Gaza by Hamas.
In November, the Annapolis Conference ends with parties issuing a joint statement committing to immediately implement their respective obligations under the Roadmap and working towards a peace treaty by the end of 2008.
2008: Israel broadens its sanctions and completely seals off the Gaza Strip.
Later in the year, Israel launches “Operation Cast Lead”, a massive 22-day military assault on the Gaza Strip.
2009: Security Council passes resolution 1860 calling for a ceasefire in Gaza. HRC creates the UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza conflict to investigate violations of international humanitarian and human rights law. Their findings are issued in the “Goldstone Report”.
2012: In November, Israel launches ‘Pillar of Defense’ an 8-day military operation against the Gaza Strip.
Later that month, the General Assembly adopts resolution 67/19 granting Palestine the status of non-member observer State in the UN.
2013: Direct negotiations between Israel and Palestine are held following an initiative by US Secretary of State John Kerry to restart the peace process.
2014: Israel launches a large scale military operation codenamed “Protective Edge” on the Gaza Strip.
2016: UN Security Council adopts resolution 2334, stating that Israel’s settlement activity constitutes a “flagrant violation” of international law and has “no legal validity”.
2017: US President Donald Trump announces that the United States would recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
2018: United States moves its embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
2020: US President Trump helps mediate Abraham Accords to normalize Israel’s relations with some Arab States and proposes a Peace Plan.
2022: General Assembly requests ICJ Advisory Opinion on the legal implications of the prolonged Israeli occupation.
2022: General Assembly adopts resolution A/RES/77/23 of 30 November 2022 requesting the Committee to Commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Nakba for the first time in the history of the UN.
2023: Israel launches “Operation Swords of Iron” against Gaza following Hamas attack.
Khalidi closely analyzes three historical moments that illuminate how the United States' involvement has, in fact, thwarted progress toward peace between Israel and Palestine. The first moment he investigates is the "Reagan Plan" of 1982, when Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin refused to accept the Reagan administration's proposal to reframe the Camp David Accords more impartially. The second moment covers the period after the Madrid Peace Conference, from 1991 to 1993, during which negotiations between Israel and Palestine were brokered by the United States until the signing of the secretly negotiated Oslo accords. Finally, Khalidi takes on President Barack Obama's retreat from plans to insist on halting the settlements in the West Bank.
"Oxford professor of international relations finds answers in a historical context that is often overlooked. With a special focus on the last half-century, he illuminates the four phases of external involvement - the Ottoman, the European, the Superpower, and the American - that have molded the political evolution of the Middle East". --Book Jacket
With the signing of the Israel-Egypt peace treaty, the issue that has colored the history of the Middle East since the half century of armed conflict between Arab and Jew, still continues to threaten international security almost as if Camp David had never happened: it is The Question of Palestine." -- Book Jacket.
Explores the concept of borders, how they are imagined and actualized in this deeply contested land. The book focuses on the "implicate relations" between Palestinian Arabs and Jews, providing new insights into the origins and dynamics of the conflicts between them. Emphasizing the history of the non-elite members of both communities, the book sees the relations between Jews and Palestinian Arabs as embedded and reflected in areas of daily living, such as in the spheres of architecture, commerce, health sexuality, and the courts.
From an award-winning journalist, a brave and necessary immersion into the everyday struggles of Palestinian life Over the past three years, American writer Ben Ehrenreich has been traveling to and living in the West Bank, staying with Palestinian families in its largest cities and its smallest villages. Ruled by the Israeli military, set upon and harassed constantly by Israeli settlers who admit unapologetically to wanting to drive them from the land, forced to negotiate an ever more elaborate and more suffocating series of fences, checkpoints, and barriers that have sundered home from field, home from home, this is a population whose living conditions are unique, and indeed hard to imagine.
The book's essays consider the ways in which Palestinians have remembered and organized themselves around the Nakba, a central trauma that continues to be refracted through Palestinian personal and collective memory. Analyzing oral histories and written narratives, poetry and cinema, personal testimony and courtroom evidence, the authors show how the continuing experience of violence, displacement, and occupation have transformed the pre-Nakba past and the land of Palestine into symbols of what has been and continues to be lost.
The Arab-Israeli conflict is one of the most intense and intractable international conflicts of modern times. This book is about the historical roots of that conflict. It re-examines the history of 1948, the war in which the newly-born state of Israel defeated the Palestinians and the regular Arab armies of the neighbouring states so decisively. The book includes chapters on all the principal participants, on the reasons for the Palestinian exodus, and on the political and moral consequences of the war. The chapters are written by leading Arab, Israeli and western scholars who draw on primary sources in all relevant languages to offer alternative interpretations and new insights into this defining moment in Middle East history. The result is a major contribution to the literature on the 1948 war. It will command a wide audience from among students and general readers with an interest in the region.
The occupation of the West Bank and Gaza has been one of the world's most widely reported yet least understood human rights crises for over four decades. In this oral history collection, men and women from Palestine--including a fisherman, a settlement administrator, and a marathon runner--describe in their own words how their lives have been shaped by the historic crisis. Other narrators include: ABEER, a young journalist from Gaza City who launched her career by covering bombing raids on the Gaza Strip. IBTISAM, the director of a multi-faith children's center in the West Bank whose dream of starting a similar center in Gaza has so far been hindered by border closures. GHASSAN, an Arab-Christian physics professor and activist from Bethlehem who co-founded the International Solidarity Movement.
Hadawi analyzes the people of ancient Palestine, through the years of British colonization; he examines the Jewish community and Zionism, the legacy of Jewish terror against both British and Palestinian targets. Later sections look at the role of the state of Israel, its treatment of Palestinians, and the emergence of the Palestine Liberation Organization. In the final chapter Hadawi covers the 1979 Camp David Accords, Israel's invasion of Leabon in 1982, and the intifada of mid-1989.
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict provides a comprehensive, balanced, and accessible narrative of a complex historical topic. The narrative is supported by more than 40 primary documents that highlight perspectives from all sides of the struggle. Throughout the book, the author examines how underlying issues, group motives, religious and cross-cultural clashes, diplomacy and imperialism, and the arrival of the modern era shaped this volatile region. Map, photographs, chronologies, and discussion questions help facilitate student understanding. And a fully updated final chapter makes this the most current history of the topic.
Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, when the inhabitants of Ottoman Palestine and the Jews of Eastern Europe began to conceive of themselves as members of national communities, the book traces the evolution and interaction of these communities from their first encounters, through to the present, as well as exploring the external pressures and internal logic that has propelled their conflict. The book, which places events in Palestine within the framework of global history, skilfully interweaves biographical sketches, eyewitness accounts, poetry, fiction and official documentation into its narrative, and includes photographs, maps and an abundance of supplementary material.
Compromising Palestine argues that while the Oslo peace accords are an important declaration of principles and provide a mechanism for peace, they are singularly ambiguous and do not provide tangible solutions, which must be sought through practical compromises and concrete plans followed to the letter by both sides. Falling between broad general discussion and actual operational plans, this concise, clearly focused, and beautifully written book will provide a very useful reference point for anyone following the peace process--whether academic, policy maker, or general reader--and will contribute to the quality of analysis at each stage of the debate during the crucial final status period.
Ilan Pappe writes the story of Palestine, a land inhabited by two peoples. It begins with the Ottomans in the early 1800s and traces a path through the arrival of the early Zionists at the end of that century, through the British mandate at the beginning of the twentieth century, the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, and the subsequent wars and conflicts which culminated in the intifadas of 1987 and 2000.
Nur Masalha explores how Palestine and its Palestinian identity have evolved over thousands of years, from the Bronze Age to the present day. Drawing on a rich body of sources and the latest archaeological evidence, Masalha shows how Palestine's multicultural past has been distorted and mythologised by Biblical lore and the Israel-Palestinian conflict. In the process, Masalha reveals that the concept of Palestine, contrary to accepted belief, is not a modern invention or one constructed in opposition to Israel, but rooted firmly in ancient past. Palestine represents the authoritative account of the country's history.
Based on scores of human rights reports, Norman G. Finkelstein's book presents a meticulously researched inquest into Gaza's martyrdom. He shows that although Israel has justified its assaults in the name of self-defense, in fact these actions constituted flagrant violations of international law. Finkelstein also documents that the guardians of international law--from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to the UN Human Rights Council--ultimately failed Gaza.
Justice for Some offers a new approach to understanding the Palestinian struggle for freedom, told through the power and control of international law. Focusing on key junctures--from the Balfour Declaration in 1917 to present-day wars in Gaza--Noura Erakat shows how the strategic deployment of law has shaped current conditions. Over the past century, the law has done more to advance Israel's interests than the Palestinians'. But, Erakat argues, this outcome was never inevitable. Law is politics, and its meaning and application depend on the political intervention of states and people alike.
This book explores new ways of remembering and commemorating the Nakba. In the context of Palestinian oral history, it explores 'social history from below', subaltern narratives of memory and the formation of collective identity. Masalha argues that to write more truthfully about the Nakba is not just to practise a professional historiography but an ethical imperative. The struggles of ordinary refugees to recover and publicly assert the truth about the Nakba is a vital way of protecting their rights and keeping the hope for peace with justice alive. This book is essential for understanding the place of the Palestine Nakba at the heart of the Israel-Palestine conflict and the vital role of memory in narratives of truth and reconciliation.
The quest for an inclusive and independent state has been at the center of the Palestinian national struggle for a very long time. This book critically explores the meaning of Palestinian statehood and the challenges that face alternative models to it.
This book consists of public domain documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.
In Israel and South Africa, Ilan Pappรฉ, one of Israel's preeminent academics and a noted critic of the current government, brings together lawyers, journalists, policy makers and historians of both countries to assess the implications of the apartheid analogy for international law, activism and policy making.
"When a war is successful, little attention is paid to its causes, but when the outcome is disastrous, understanding how it happened becomes paramount". Mearsheimer, John J. “The Causes and Consequences of the Ukraine War.” Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, no. 21, 2022, pp. 12–27. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48686693. Accessed 20 Dec. 2023.
Regular features include work in anthropology, politics, sociology, religion, and literature, as well as case studies
The leading quarterly devoted exclusively to the Arab-Israeli conflict and Palestinian affairs. JPS provides an international forum for study of the region and peaceful resolution to the conflict. Comprehensive analysis of current developments in the peace process.
Fully international and multidisciplinary journal covering the history, politics, culture, religion, anthropology, sociology and economics of the Holy Land and Palestine.
Provides peer-reviewed research and analysis on the region, on the area from Morocco to Pakistan.
Iin-depth analytical articles on Middle East politics, culture and society, and U.S. policy toward the region
Provides the most up-to-date academic research on the history and politics of the Arabic-speaking countries in the Middle East
Concerned with Palestine/the land of Israel, and the wider region of the Levant - its history, archaeology (including biblical aspects), art, languages, natural & earth ethnology, geography, natural & earth sciences.
Provides background material & in-depth analysis of various aspects of the conflict from the perspective of both sides, thus helping to shed light on the complex issues dividing Israelis & Palestinians & the relationship between the two peoples.
(2010) Taking a hard look at the theology and politics of Christian Zionism, which teaches that because the Jews are God's chosen people, Israeli government policies should not be questioned, even when these policies are unjust.
(2014) Documentary that offers a completely new perspective on a subject that has been dominated by the same old rhetoric for decades.
(2002) A documentary about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that has lasted for more than 50 years.
(2008) Set in the West Bank, where Palestinian widow Salma Zidane tends her lemon grove. However, when Israeli Defense Minister Navon moves in across the way, his security guards demand she removes the trees, which could shelter terrorists. Refusing to bow down, she engages lawyer Ziad Daud to take her case to the Supreme Court, which brings international attention.
(2010) Explores the political and social perspectives of Israeli citizens regarding the Israel-Palestine conflict.
(2006) documentary directed by Sufyan Omeish and Abdallah Omeish. It presents an in-depth analysis of the Israel-Palestine conflict, focusing on the impact of Israeli occupation on Palestinians and the role of the United States in the region.
(2022) The film examines one village- Tantura and why "Nakba" is taboo in Israeli society.In the war of 1948 hundreds of Palestinian villages were depopulated.
(2019) A documentary directed by journalist Abby Martin. The documentary provides a unique perspective on the Great March of Return, a series of protests held by Palestinians in the Gaza Strip against Israeli occupation.
(2019) A beautiful portrait of everyday Gazan citizens, leading meaningful lives beyond the rubble of perennial conflict.
(2011) A documentary on a Palestinian farmer's chronicle of his nonviolent resistance to the actions of the Israeli army.
The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL) "is the world’s largest online repository of documents on the question of Palestine. It was established and is maintained by the Division for Palestinian Rights in response to successive General Assembly mandates. The main collection contains the texts of current and historical United Nations material concerning the question of Palestine and other issues related to the Middle East situation and the search for peace." Below are some reports published through the UN or affiliated organizations.
Non -governmental organization, or NGO, “is a non-for-profit association of people working for the promotion and protection of human rights in either a general (all human rights) or a special (specific, focused on certain human rights issues) NGOs may be local, national, regional or international.” (Cartwright and Conde 160)
*Definitions from: Cartwright, Rita Cantos and H. Victor Conde. Human Rights in the United States: A Dictionary and Documents. Santa Barbara, Calif. ABC-CLIO, 2000. NetLibrary. Web. 14 Jan. 2011.
Amnesty: Amnesty International is an international non-governmental organisation focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom.
“You Feel Like You Are Subhuman”: Israel’s Genocide Against Palestinians in Gaza. December 2024
B’Tselem: The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories strives for a future in which human rights, liberty and equality are guaranteed to all people, Palestinian and Jewish alike, living between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.
Unleashed Abuse of Palestinians by Israeli soldiers in the center of Hebron. December 2024
A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid. 2021.
Unwilling and Unable: Israel's Whitewashed Investigations of the Great March of Return Protests, 2021.
Human Rights Watch: Non-profit, non-governmental organization that advocates the rights of peoples worldwide.
“Hopeless, Starving, and Besieged”: Israel’s Forced Displacement of Palestinians in Gaza. November 2024
A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution, 2021.
Mainstream media is traditional or established broadcasting or publishing outlets; these outlets have consolidated to increase efficiencies and better survive in a competitive marketplace. However, this has resulted in worries that when large corporations own a significant percentage of news outlets, diverse voices are not heard.
Alternative/Independent media is generally defined as independently owned news and information websites, publications, magazines, and digital media that cover the news from a specific point of view, whether that viewpoint is from a political minority, an ethnic group, or another independent community. Depending on the publication or news site, alternative viewpoints can range from standard news coverage and analyses of current events to editorial commentary and the occasional conspiracy theory.
Taken from Arevalo, Federico. “What Is Mainstream Media? | Maryville Online.” Maryville University Online, 26 Oct. 2023.
Aljazeera - First independent news agency in the Arab world.
Democracy Now - Independent news program features international journalists, grassroots leaders, independent analysts, as well as ordinary people directly affected by world events and U.S. policy.
Electronic Intifada - Independent online news publication and educational resource focusing on Palestine, its people, politics, culture and place in the world.
If Americans Knew - Independent research and information-dissemination institute, with particular focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, U.S. foreign policy regarding the Middle East, and media coverage of this issue. Specifically, the organization’s objective is to provide information that is to a large degree missing from American press coverage of this critical region.
Institute for Palestine Studies has assembled a number of databases and collections of documents on the question of Palestine that constitute a rich source of information for researchers and scholars. IPS is in the process of acquiring and disseminating a range of other original resources and making them available in digital format for users.
Yale law School Avalon Project Digital historical documents relevant to the fields of law, economics, politics, diplomacy and government on the World Wide Web.
Visualizing Palestine (VP) was established in 2012, and is dedicated to using data and research to visually communicate Palestinian experiences to provoke narrative change.
“The media's the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that's power. Because they control the minds of the masses." -Malcom X
Fake news is information that is clearly and demonstrably fabricated and that has been packaged and distributed to appear as legitimate news. Fake news refers to a specific piece of information; it does not refer to any particular type of news outlet, individual, or other actor.
Propaganda is misleading or highly biased information that is specifically designed to confirm or promote a particular ideological viewpoint. Propaganda is distinct from fake news in that it originates from politically motivated actors with the intention of driving public discussion, apart but not separate from financial and ideological gain.
Misleading or out-of-context information does not on its own constitute fake news. This kind of information is not wholly fabricated, and it can exist within a news report that is based on actual events that occurred.
Conspiracy theory is an explanation or interpretation of events that is based on questionable or nonexistent evidence of a supposed secret plan by a group -- often governments and mainstream media outlets -- to obscure events.
Clickbait pieces are articles that feature headlines designed to get people to click on them, often by presenting a misleading or warped sense of what the post is about.
Satire is writing or art designed to make social commentary based on mockery and imitation of real-life events or actors. Satire is different from fake news in that its purpose is to entertain or inspire consumers, rather than to deceive them.
“Understanding the Fake News Universe.” Media Matters for America, 15 Dec. 2016.
