IN-TEXT QUOTATION RULES

The following examples illustrate the acceptable forms of citing a direct quotation of a source.  When quoting, always provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete reference in the works cited (reference) list. See the APA Style blog for additional guidance, https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/

IN-TEXT  CITATION OF SOURCES

Not only direct quotations but sources of information must be cited in the text. Cite the works whose ideas, theories or research have directly influenced your work. Provide citations for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. See the examples below.

NOTE: AI (Artificial Intelligence) – Using ChatGPT or other AI apps: Consult your professor for guidance on use of these resources.
APA has put out guidance on and how to handle text from an AI source such as ChatGPT.  https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt 

The WCSU libraries offer additional information on AI in the guide “Student Guide to ChatGPT.” https://libguides.wcsu.edu/c.php?g=1334435&p=9839615

 

EXAMPLE 1: If author is quoted but not named, use Parenthetical Citation. No page number needed if not quoting directly from referenced work.

She stated, "The 'placebo effect' . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

1A: Multiple authors quoted, not named in your paragraph, use Parenthetical Citation. No page number needed if not quoting directly from referenced work.

 2 authors: (Kandel and Squire, 2000)

 3 or more authors: (Ames et al., 1993)

EXAMPLE 2: If author is named in paragraph, use Narrative Citation. EXAMPLE

Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect,’ which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group's] behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276).

EXAMPLE 3: No author. (If Anonymous is given as the author, see Example 1 above).

For a book use the Parenthetical Citation: (Advanced Statistics, 2010)

For an article use this Parenthetical Citation: (“Sensory Perception and Its Enhancement,” 2013)

EXAMPLE 4: A long quotation (more than 40 words) needs Block Quotation. Less than 40 words can be incorporated into the text.

Narrative Citation (author named):
 
Miele (1993) found the following:

       The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors
       studied in this manner.  Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when
       reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly
       premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)    

NOTE: Parenthetical Citation: If no author is named in your text, place it at the end of block quotation. No period used after parenthesis: (Miele, 1993, p. 276)

EXAMPLE 5: Quotations of online material that does not contain page numbers. When there are no page numbers, use paragraph numbers if they are visible with only the abbreviation “para.” Otherwise use headings with the number of the paragraph following it.

“Calling GMOs ‘Frankenfoods’ is simply a catchy way of labeling them monstrous, unnatural things. Monsters, as any child knows, are both fascinating and frightful.” (Ghourashi & Smith, 2009, “What We Can Learn,” para. 2)

REFERENCE LIST
See the APA Style Blog for additional guidance, https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/

JOURNAL ARTICLES

ONE AUTHOR

Mellers, B.A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.

TWO AUTHORS, JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE. Use comma before “&.”

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
     Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 1-36.

TWO TO TWENTY AUTHORS. Use “&“ before final name. 
More than 20 names, list first 19 then use an ellipse (a set of three periods separated by spaces) . . .   instead of the ampersand, then insert last author’s name.

Saywitz, K. J., Smith, T. R., Mason, B. G., Markel, E. M., & Dewey, M. (2016). Treatment for sexually abused  
      children and adolescents.  American Psychologist, 55(9), 1040-1049.   

OTHER PERIODICAL RESOURCES

ENTIRE ISSUE OR SPECIAL SECTION OF JOURNAL

Barlow, D.H. (Ed.) (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special Issue].
     Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3)

BOOK REVIEW

Scatz, B.R. (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The Social Life of Information]. Science,
      290, 1304.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Kandel, E.R., & Squire, L.R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the.
     study of brain and mind.  Science, 290, 1113-1120

DAILY NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, NO AUTHOR

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, A12.

DAILY NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, DISCONTINUOUS PAGES

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, A1, A4.

REPORT AVAILABLE FROM ERIC (EDUCATION RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER)

Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with
          them (ED346082) ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED346082.pdf.

ONLINE RESOURCES

NOTE: Many of the databases will format your citations for you from within the database.  Look for a "Cite " button when you find an article but be aware the cite provided may need some additional formatting. (May not be the 7^th ed. Format)

NOTE 2: The reference list entries should end with a URL or DOI. There is no need to include a database name for academic material available in common academic databases.

NOTE 3: Provide a retrieval date if the material/ webpages are unarchived – not stable – and likely to change. Most webpages are designed to be updated or easily changed.

• OWL at Purdue APA Formatting Guide
  These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
• APA Style Website - Style and Grammar Guidelines
  From APA - On this site, you will find tutorials, FAQs, and other resources to help you improve your writing, master APA Style, and learn the conventions of scholarly publishing.
• APA Style Blog (7th Edition)
  The APA Style blog is the official companion to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition. It's run by the APA Style team—a group of style experts who work with APA Style every day. We regularly publish posts to talk about what we love—writing, publishing, and APA Style